HADRIAN (76-138).
Publius Aelius Hadrianus, called Hadrian, was Roman emperor from AD 117 until 138. He regarded his 20-year reign as a golden age of peace and prosperity, comparable to that of his great predecessor Augustus more than 100 years earlier (see Augustus). Monuments to Hadrian's reign are the Tivoli villa near Rome; Castel Sant'Angelo, adjacent to Vatican City, built as a mausoleum for himself; the Pantheon, a temple to the gods, in Rome; and Hadrian's Wall in the north of England.
Hadrian was born in Italica, Spain (near modern Seville), on Jan. 24, 76, to a Roman family. He was a relative of the emperor Trajan, who ruled from 98 to 117. Hadrian was probably educated in Rome. Through the emperor's good will he was rapidly promoted in military and political posts. While on a military campaign with Trajan in the Middle East, the emperor adopted him--a sure sign Hadrian was destined to succeed him. Two days later, on Aug. 11, 117, it was learned that Trajan had died. The army immediately proclaimed Hadrian emperor.
His reign began under a cloud with the execution of four senators suspected of conspiracy, and it ended in similar fashion 20 years later. Yet he was a man of culture, sensitivity, and religious devotion. His artistic temperament manifested itself in his poetry, his architectural designs, his very style of life. The most notable feature of his reign was his traveling around the empire. For 12 of his 20 years he was absent from Rome, mostly in the eastern provinces and in North Africa. He especially loved Athens and its culture. He visited it three times, revised its constitution, and brought to completion the vast temple of Olympian Zeus, which was begun 500 years earlier.
During the last years of Hadrian's reign there was a serious Jewish rebellion in Palestine, led by Bar-Kokhba. Palestine was left ruined and largely depopulated. Hadrian adopted the future Antoninus Pius to succeed him, and Antoninus in turn adopted the boy who would become Marcus Aurelius. Hadrian died in Baiae, a seaside resort, on July 10, 138.
