World War One, PERSHING, John J
At the age of 56, John J. Pershing became the commander of the American Expeditionary Force that helped to turn the tide in favor of the Allies and against the Central Powers during World War I. For his leadership during the war, he was promoted to the rank of general of the armies. No American military officer had ever held this rank before, though it had been created by Congress for George Washington in 1799.
John Joseph Pershing was born near Laclede, Mo., on Sept. 13, 1860. While attending the normal school at Kirksville, Mo., he saw a notice for a competitive examination for the United States Military Academy at West Point, N.Y. He had not thought of a military career, but West Point offered a good opportunity. He won the appointment by a single examination point.
Graduating in 1886, Pershing began active service against the Indians in the West. Five years later he was appointed military instructor at the University of Nebraska, where he also studied law. He served at West Point as an instructor in tactics until the outbreak of the Spanish-American War in 1898. He sailed for Cuba and fought in the battle of San Juan Hill.
On his return from Cuba, Pershing requested to be sent to the Philippines, which the United States had just acquired. His work was to put down revolts by the islands' native tribes. In 1903 he was recalled and made a member of the General Staff Corps. In 1905, when the Russo-Japanese War broke out, he was appointed military observer with the Japanese army.
Pershing got his nickname, Black Jack, from serving with a black regiment early in his career. It came to signify his stern bearing and rigid discipline. President Theodore Roosevelt promoted Pershing from captain to brigadier general in 1906. In 1909 he returned to the Philippines as governor of a province on Mindanao. He put down a Moro uprising in 1913. In 1914 he was recalled to the United States, and in 1916 he was sent to pursue the Mexican revolutionary Pancho Villa. After a year of futile searching, the campaign was called off.
In the meantime, World War I was raging in Europe. The United States declared war on Germany in April 1917. President Woodrow Wilson selected Pershing to command the United States forces in Europe. Given a free hand, Pershing had to form and train an entire army organization that expanded in a year and a half to nearly 3 million men. He was determined to maintain his forces as an independent army despite pressure from the Allies to use his troops as replacement units in European divisions. The American forces under his command destroyed German resistance in the Meuse-Argonne offensive of 1918.
In 1919 he was appointed general of the armies of the United States, a title no other officer had held. From 1921 to 1924 he served as army chief of staff, retiring from active duty in 1924. Pershing's memoirs, 'My Experiences in the World War', were published in 1931 and won a Pulitzer prize. Pershing died in Washington, D.C., on July 15, 1948. He was buried in Arlington National Cemetery.
