Stranger and Sojourner (in the Apocrypha and the New Testament)

The technical meaning attaching to the Hebrew terms is not present in the Greek words translated "stranger" and "sojourner," and the distinctions made by English Versions of the Bible are partly only to give uniformity in the translation. For "stranger" the usual Greek word is xenos, meaning primarily "guest" and so appearing in the combination "hatred toward guests" in The Wisdom of Solomon 19:13 (misoxenia). Xenos is the most common word for "stranger" in the New Testament (Mt 25:35, etc.), but it seems not to be used by itself with this force in the Apocrypha. Almost equally common in the New Testament is allotrios, "belonging to another" (Mt 17:25-26; Joh 10:5 (bis)), and this is the usual word in the Apocrypha (Sirach 8:18; 1 Macc 1:38, etc.), but for some inexplicable reason the Revised Version (British and American) occasionally translates by "alien" (contrast, e.g. 1 Macc 1:38; 2:7). Compare the corresponding verb apallotrioo (Eph 2:12; 4:18; Col 1:21). With the definite meaning of "foreigner" are allogenes, "of another nation," the Revised Version (British and American) "stranger" (1 Esdras 8:83; 1 Macc 3:45 (the King James Version "alien"); Lu 17:18 (the Revised Version margin "alien")), and allophulos, "of another tribe," the Revised Version (British and American) "stranger" (Baruch 6:5; 1 Macc 4:12, etc.) or "of another nation" (Ac 10:28). For "to sojourn" the commonest form is paroikeo, "to dwell beside," the Revised Version (British and American) always "to sojourn" (Judith 5:7; Sirach 41:19; Lu 24:18 (the King James Version "to be a stranger"); Heb 11:9). The corresponding noun for "sojourner" is paroikos (Sirach 29:26 f (the King James Version "stranger"); Ac 7:6,26; Eph 2:19; 1Pe 2:11), with paroikia, "sojourning" (The Wisdom of Solomon 19:10; Sirach 16:8; Ac 13:17 (the King James Version "dwelling as strangers"); 1Pe 1:17). In addition, epidemeo, "to be among people," is translated "to sojourn" in Ac 2:10; 17:21, and its compound parepidemos, as "sojourner" in 1Pe 1:1 (in Heb 11:13; 1Pe 2:11, "pilgrim").

Burton Scott Easton

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