Lucius Aurelius Commodus on 31 August AD 161 at Lanuvium, roughly 14 miles south-east of Rome.
Of the fourteen children of Marcus Aurelius and Faustina the Younger, Commodus was the tenth. He was born one of twins, though his twin brother died when he was only four years old. He was given the Commodus in honour of Marcus Aurelius' co-emperor, who had originally born it.
Commodus was in fact the only son of the royal couple to survive childhood.
From an early age Commodus was groomed to succeed his father to the throne. Already at the age of five, in teh year AD 166, he was mde caesar (junior emperor). And in AD 177, after the revolt of Cassius, Marcus Aurelius made him Augustus and thereby join emperor. Commodus indeed led the troops in the wars on the Danube together with his father from AD 178, until the death of Marcus Aurelius in AD 180.
Had Commodus been emperor from AD 177, no-one doubted that true power remained in the hands of his father. And so his reign is generally seen to have begun on the death of his father in AD 180.
By al accounts Commodus was a handsome man, with curly blonde hair. But he appeared to possess a weak character, easily influenced by others. But so too was he prone to cruelty and excessive behaviour. To an extent his behaviour was still held in check, when his father was still alive, although then too some believed to detect the signs of a new Nero in the young heir. Cassius earlier rebellion, when he mistakenly thought Marcus Aurelius had died, might well have been inspired by a fear of what was to come if Commodus came to the throne.
Commodus' accession to power, ended a spell of 80 years in Roman history which had brought men to the throne by merit rather than by birth. The last man to take the throne merely by right of birth had been Domitian.
If Commodus merely had not lived up to the gruellingly high standards of his father, the world would have most likely forgiven him. But rather than just failing to be a brilliant emperor, Commodus was in fact a terrible one. Cruelty, vanity, power and fear of Commodus formed into a terrifyingly dangerous mix of bloodlust, suspicion and megalomania. Commodus should be remembered as a monster, a tyrant renamed months in his own honour, and who slaughtered his way through the circuses in ludicrous displays of 'manliness'.
Despite his initial promises to the army to continue Marcus Aurelius' attempts of expanding the empire into the territories conquered from the Quadi and Marcomanni, Commodus soon after surrendered all his father had achieved in his wars.
Indeed, Commodus' thoughts that to annex these new territories might have been beyond the capabilities of Rome, could well have been correct. And had emepror Hadrian not relinguished some of the gains of his predecessor Trajan ? But Commodus was no Hadrian and the army knew it. Commodus' retreat from those so direly contested territories was understood as an utter betrayal for everything the beloved Marcus Aurelius had stood.
Whatever the circumstances surrounding the Roman withdrawal, Commodus did make a treaty with the Marcomanni. The treaty proved very successful in pacifying the barbarians, forcing them to accept various conditions. Although such peace might also have been due Marcus Aurelius' late successes having reduced their capacities for war.
With peace re-established on the Danube, Commodus returned to Rome. It wasn't long before Commodus uncovered the first conspiracy against him. In AD 182 his own sister Annia Lucilla, together with her cousin, the former consul Marcus Ummidius Quadratus, were involved in a plot to assassinate him.
Lucilla's second husband Tiberius Claudius Pompeianus of Antioch, who had held the office of consul twice and who was a possible rival to the throne, was whom the plotters sought to make emperor.
And it was Pompeianus' nephew Quintianus who burst from his place of hiding with a dagger, trying to stab Commodus. But the guards were faster than Quintianus. He was overpowered and disarmed without doing the emperor any harm.
Quadratus and Quintianus were executed. Meanwhile the emperor's sister Lucilla was first banished to Caprae but was soon afterwards put to death anyhow.
Soon after the preatorian prefect Tarrutenius Paternus was also executed, either for being part of the plot to kill Commodus, or for being a conspirator in the murder of the emperor's influential court chamberlain from Bithynia called Saoterus (it might have been Saoterus' advice which caused Commodus to withdraw from the territories his father had conquered beyond the Danube).
With the prefect Tarrutenius Paternus killed, the other remaining prefect, Tigidius Perennis, was left in sole charge of running the empire on the emperor's behalf, for Commodus took little interest in the day-to-day running of government.
Perhaps since the notorious prefect Sejanus during Tiberius' reign, no praetorian commander had held so much power.
With Perennis in charge of running the empire, Commodus' life became one long party. Entertaining a harem of, so it is said, 300 girl and women and 300 boys, some of which might have been kidnapped, he indulged in lengthy orgies and revelled in decadent luxuries.
But with his hands on all the levers of power it was only a matter of time before Perennis himself was seen as too powerful by Commodus. Rumours that he was planning to rid himself of the emperor to rule on his own were further backed up by the fact that he made two of his own sons governors of the important Danubian military province of Pannonia.
Though in AD 185, Perennis had been in power for three years, a delegation of 1500 disgruntled soldiers from the British legions arrived in Rome and warned Commodus of a plot by Perennis.
If the praetorian prefect had really plotted against his emperor's life remains unclear. But what is known is that Perennis had brutally crushed a mutiny in Britain, whish will have won him no favours with the army based there.
Whatever the true reasons, Perennis was killed by his own praetorians. So too his wife, his sister and his sons were all executed.
The man believed to have organised these executions on Commodus' behalf was Marcus Aurelius Cleander, a freedman having once been brought to Rome as a Phrygian slave. Cleander now was placed in the vacant position of praetorian prefect and became not merely Commodus' closest advisor, but began to run government on the emperor's behalf as Perennis had done. As had of the emperor's security, he was given the title pugione ('the Dagger') by Commodus.
If there had been talk of corruption by Perennis, then Cleander achieved true notoriety by his greed. His might well have been the most corrupt government ever to have rule the Roman empire.
Public offices were sold to the highest bidder, one year actually seeing no less than 25 consuls inaugurated. Cleander kept a lot of this money for himself, but took care to share this revenues with his emperor.
But, just as Cleander had helped bring down Perennis, then so did he fall. Papyrius Dionysius, the prefect of the grain supply to Rome (praefectus annonae) managed to engineer a food shortage in Rome and blamed it on Cleander. In AD 190 the garrison of Rome, accompanied by an angry mob, sought him out and killed him. Commodus did nothing to save the head of his governemnt.
In the later stages of his reign Commodus became ever more obsessed with performing as a gladiator. He even changed parts of his palace into an arena in order to fight beasts there or gladiators. But Commodus was not satisfied with such private fights. He also appeared in public as gladiator. For the Roman public, or at least the privileged classes, it was a harsh shock to see their emperor publicly debase himself to the level of a slave or a prostitute in the arena. For, in Roman attitudes, gladiators were indeed understood as one of the lowest possible levels of society.
But Commodus sought to care little about such attitudes. He liked to appear in the arena dressed up in a lionskin as the ancient hero Hercules, son of Jupiter. There is little doubt that by this time Commodus was deranged. Senators had to be present at such performances, as their emperor slaughtered helpless animals or hapless gladiators. At one day he is said to have killed one hundred bears. Given this number, it is hard to imagine that the animals were anything but helplessly tethered with no chance to fight back and were simply stabbed to death. The fighters who would meet Commodus in the arena stood equally little chance. For if the emperor was armed, all they would have would be harmless wooden weapons.
Cruel as this no doubt was, Commodus also seemed ridiculous to many. was gladiatorial combat also concerned with grace as well as skill, the emperor apparently possessed little of it. Many spectators are said to have struggled not to laugh out loud at the sight of such ridiculous displays.
Inscribed on the base of one statue of his was that he had slain twelve thousand men. If this is true or not cannot be said. But it says much about the man to boast about such 'achievements'.
If Commodus sought to be Rome's hero in the arena, if he even had the nobles ordered to call out prescripted compliments from the tiers, he also was jealous of any other gladiator's fame.
In one case, on hearing that a bestiarius (animal fighter) called Julius Alexander had on horseback killed a lion with a javelin, he had him executed.
As if this all wasn't enough, commodus decided that, in accordance to his divine talent, Romans should pay to see the prowess of the 'Roman Hercules' in the arena. And so he demanded to be paid one million sesterces from the gladiatorial fund for every appearance.
Only chariot racing was something Commodus would not do in public. This stigma he sought to avoid. Although the historian Dio Cassius mentions that indeed he did so nights, when he might not be seen by the public. If he did so by day, Commodus made sure to do so out of sight. But, even on these occasions, he made sure to wear the livery of the popular 'Green' racing faction.
Whilst the emperor was playing gladiator in Rome, the empire itself was facing hard times. The army was viewed with suspicion by a population which knew more and more spies and military secret police at work.
Had the emperor nearly bankrupted the imperial treasury with his expensive lifestyle, then he simply replenished it by accusing senators of treason and having their property seized.
But things were to get even worse. Had in AD 191 a fire destroyed som eof the centre of Rome, then Commodus had it rebuilt. But, wanting to claim the credit for the 'rebuilding of Rome' he decided to rename the city altogether. Colonia Commodiana was to be its new name (City of Commodus).
So too, the army should henceforth be the Commodian army, and even the ancient institution of the Roman senate was to bear his name in future.
Then, in November AD 192, plans emerged that to celebrate the 'new' city, Commodus was to take office as consul on 1 January AD 193. He even intended to march to the senate from a gladiatorial school within the city - dressed as a gladiator.
It appears to have been the praetorian prefect Quintus Aemilius Laetus who decided it was time to act against the madman on the throne.
Carefully a plot was crafted against the emperor. The court chamberlain Eclectus and the emperor's favourite concubine Marcia added their support to the undertaking. Quietly people who supported the plot were placed into key positions. Septimius Severus and Clodius Albinus, African allies of Laetus, were given the governorships of Upper Pannonia and Britain. Pescennius Niger, another friend of Laetus, was put in charge of Syria. As the future emperor the conspirators agreed on Publis Hevlius Pertinax, the city prefect of Rome.
The initial plan appeared to be that Marcia should poison him on the evening of 31 December AD 192. But Commodus merely became nauseous and vomitted, ridding himself unwittingly of the poison.
But the plotters appeared to have a back-up plan in place. An athlete called Narcissus, who was employed as Commodus' wrestling partner, overpowered and strangled Commodus in his bed on the same night.
If Laetus had been the chief conspirator against Commodus, then he did save his body from being disgraced by carrying it away and giving it a secret burial outside Rome. the precaution proved worthwhile, for the senate now vented its anger on the tyrant, having his name removed from all records and destroying his statues.
Though in a strange twist of fate, the new emperor Pertinax should have Commodus' body exhumed and laid to rest in the Mausoleum of Hadrian. Septimius Severus even had Commodus deified in AD 197.
